2017考研英語(yǔ)：基礎(chǔ)語(yǔ)法知識(shí)點(diǎn)

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考研英語(yǔ)復(fù)習(xí)的第一要義就是要掌握最基本的語(yǔ)法，基本的語(yǔ)法過(guò)關(guān)了才能讀懂相關(guān)的長(zhǎng)難句，才能更好地復(fù)習(xí)閱讀，翻譯等題型。小編匯總了2017年考生必須掌握的一些基礎(chǔ)語(yǔ)法，希望2017年考生全面了解一下。

A. 核心語(yǔ)法

一、非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞( V+ing, V+ed)

1, 動(dòng)名詞
(1)作主語(yǔ)和賓語(yǔ)
Saying is easier than doing.
說(shuō)比做容易。
(2)作介詞賓語(yǔ)
We get pleasure from loving and being loved.
我們從愛(ài)別人和被別人愛(ài)中得到快樂(lè)。
2,分詞作定語(yǔ)
(1)前置
The beginning student should be given more encouragement.
初學(xué)者應(yīng)多給予鼓勵(lì)。
A balanced diet provides nutrition for your body.
均衡的食物使你的身體獲得營(yíng)養(yǎng)。
(2)后置
Those living on a mountain live off the mountain.
靠山吃山
Children disciplined when they are young will become good citizen.
小時(shí)候受過(guò)良好教育的兒童長(zhǎng)大會(huì)成為好公民。
3，分詞作狀語(yǔ)
Hearing the news, they immediately set off for Shanghai.
聽(tīng)到這個(gè)消息，他們立即出發(fā)到上海去了。
Seen from the pagoda, the south foot of the Purple Mountain is a sea of trees.
從這個(gè)塔上遠(yuǎn)眺，紫金山南麓是樹(shù)的海洋。
Printed white, the house looks bigger.
漆成白色后，這房子像是更大了。
Having written an important letter, I litsened to the music for a while.
寫(xiě)完一封重要的信之后，我聽(tīng)了一會(huì)兒音樂(lè)。
Arguing from the view that humans are different from animals in every relevant respect, extremists of this kind think that animals lie outside the area of moral choice.
持極端觀點(diǎn)的人認(rèn)為，人與動(dòng)物在各相關(guān)方面都不相同，所以對(duì)待動(dòng)物無(wú)須考慮道德問(wèn)題。
An invisible border divides those arguing for computers in the classroom on the behalf of students career prospects and those arguing for computers in the classroom for broader reasons of radical educational reform.
對(duì)于計(jì)算機(jī)課堂教學(xué)，人們?cè)谟^點(diǎn)上存在著一條無(wú)形的界線：有人認(rèn)為應(yīng)從學(xué)生的就業(yè)前景來(lái)考慮這一問(wèn)題，而另一些人認(rèn)為應(yīng)從推行徹底的教育改革方面來(lái)更加全面地考慮計(jì)算機(jī)進(jìn)入教室這一問(wèn)題。
(區(qū)別動(dòng)名詞短語(yǔ)作主語(yǔ))
Creating a “European identity” that respects the different cultures and traditions which go to make up the connecting fabric of the Old Continent is no easy task and demands a strategic choice. (2005-49)
創(chuàng)造一種能夠尊重不同文化與傳統(tǒng)的歐洲特色并不是一件很容易的事情，而這些文化傳統(tǒng)將會(huì)成為維系歐洲大陸的基礎(chǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)，這需要一種戰(zhàn)略性的選擇。
4，獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)
Mary coming back, they discussed it together. (= When Mary came back…)
瑪麗回來(lái)后，他們一起討論了那件事。
Health and persistence given, one can do great things. (=If health and persistence are given…)
有健康的身體和頑強(qiáng)的毅力的話，一個(gè)人能做出偉大的事情。
The moon having risen, they took a walk in the fields. (= When the moon had risen…)
月亮升起后，他們?cè)谔镆袄锷⒉健?br /> So much time having been spent, the work is only half done. (=Though so much time has been spent…)
雖然花了這么多時(shí)間，這項(xiàng)工作才做了一半。
But with homework counting for no more than 10% of their grades, students can easily skip half their homework and see very little difference on their report cards.
但是由于作業(yè)在成績(jī)中所占的比例不超過(guò)10%，學(xué)生很可能少做一半的作業(yè)，而在他們的成績(jī)單上也不會(huì)有什么差別。

二、定語(yǔ)從句

A，He has one sister who is working in the city.
B，He has one sister, who is working in the city.
C，All the people in the auditorium who had enough of classical music start to leave.
D，All the people in the auditorium, who had enough of classical music, start to leave.
E，The bookstore which sells this book is the largest one in Nanjing.
F，The bookstore where I work is the largest one in Nanjing.
1, Thus, the anthropological concept of “culture”, like the concept of “set” in mathematics, is an abstract concept which makes possible immense amounts of concrete research and understanding.
因此，人類(lèi)學(xué)中的“文化”就象數(shù)學(xué)中的“集”一樣，是一個(gè)抽象概念，這種抽象概念使大量的具體研究和認(rèn)識(shí)成為可能。
2, I shall define him as an individual who has elected as his primary duty and pleasure in life the activity of thinking in Socratic way about moral problems.
我將其定義為這樣一個(gè)人：他以蘇格拉底的方式來(lái)思考道德問(wèn)題，并將此當(dāng)作人生的主要責(zé)任和樂(lè)趣。
3, Furthermore, humans have the ability to modify the environment in which they live, …
而且，人類(lèi)還有能力改變自己的生存環(huán)境，…
4, It tends to ignore, and thus eventually to eliminate, many elements in the land community that lack commercial value, but that are essential to its healthy functioning.
這一體系容易忽視并最終消滅很多缺乏商業(yè)價(jià)值的物種，然而這些物種對(duì)于整個(gè)生物群落的健康運(yùn)行是至關(guān)重要的。
5, This will be particularly true since energy pinch will make it difficult to continue agriculture in the high-energy American fashion that makes it possible to combine few farmers with high yields.
這種困境將是確定無(wú)疑的，因?yàn)槟茉吹膮T乏，高能量消耗這種美國(guó)耕作方式很難在農(nóng)業(yè)中繼續(xù)下去，而這種耕作方式使投入少數(shù)農(nóng)民就可獲得高產(chǎn)成為可能。
6, Now since the assessment of intelligence is a comparative matter, we must be sure that the scale with which we are comparing our subjects provides a “valid” or “fair” comparison.
現(xiàn)在，既然對(duì)智力的評(píng)估是比較性的，那么，在對(duì)我們的對(duì)象進(jìn)行比較時(shí)，所采用的尺度就應(yīng)當(dāng)是“有效的”或“公平的”。
7, It leads the discussion to extremes at the outset: it invited you to think that animals should be treated either with consideration humans extend to other humans, or with no consideration at all.
這在一開(kāi)始就將問(wèn)題引向極端，它讓人們認(rèn)為應(yīng)該這樣對(duì)待動(dòng)物：要么象對(duì)待人類(lèi)自身那樣去關(guān)懷，要么完全冷漠無(wú)情。
8, On another level, many in the medical community acknowledge that the assisted suicide debate has been fueled in part by the despair of patients for whom modern medicine has prolonged the physical agony of dying.
在另一層面上，許多醫(yī)學(xué)界人士承認(rèn)，關(guān)于輔助自殺的爭(zhēng)論的升溫的部分原因在于病人的絕望情緒，對(duì)這些病人來(lái)說(shuō)，現(xiàn)代醫(yī)學(xué)事實(shí)上延長(zhǎng)了臨終前身體的痛苦。
9, “It was a really bad move because that’s not my passion,” says Ning, whose dilemma about the job translated, predictable, into a lack of sales.
寧說(shuō)：“因?yàn)檫@個(gè)工作不是我的興趣所在，所以這的確是糟糕的一步。”結(jié)果可想而知，他的這一矛盾心理導(dǎo)致他的銷(xiāo)售業(yè)績(jī)不佳。
(同位語(yǔ)從句與定語(yǔ)從句的區(qū)別)
A: The proposal that he put forward is to be discussed at the meeting.
他提出的建議將在會(huì)上討論。
B: The proposal that we should import more equipment from abroad is to be discussed at the meeting.
我們應(yīng)當(dāng)從國(guó)外進(jìn)口更多設(shè)備這個(gè)建議將在會(huì)上討論。
1, Part of the fame of Allen’s book is its contention that “circumstances do not make a person; they reveal him.”
愛(ài)倫的書(shū)之所以出名，部分原因是因?yàn)樗�辯論的觀點(diǎn)，即： “環(huán)境并未造就人，而是揭示了人的本性。
2, Online culture thinks highly of the notion that the information flowing onto the screen comes there by specific request.
網(wǎng)上文化推崇這樣一個(gè)概念，即在你提出具體的要求之后，信息才會(huì)出現(xiàn)在你屏幕上。
3, The idea that the journalist must understand the law more profoundly than an ordinary citizen rests on an understanding of the established conventions and special responsibilities of the news media.
新聞工作者對(duì)于法律的理解應(yīng)當(dāng)比普通公民更加深刻，這個(gè)觀點(diǎn)建立在對(duì)新聞媒體既定規(guī)范和特殊社會(huì)責(zé)任的理解的基礎(chǔ)之上。
4, Being interested in the relationship of language and thought, Whorf developed the idea that the structure of language determines the structure of habitual thought.
沃爾夫?qū)φZ(yǔ)言與思維的關(guān)系很感興趣，因此他逐漸形成了這樣的觀點(diǎn)：一個(gè)社會(huì)中，語(yǔ)言的結(jié)構(gòu)決定習(xí)慣思維的結(jié)構(gòu)。
5, The common belief of some linguistics that each language is a perfect vehicle for the thoughts of the nation speaking it is in some ways the exact counterpart of the conviction of the Manchester school of economics that supply and demand will regulate everything for the rest.
一些語(yǔ)言學(xué)家的共同見(jiàn)解是，每一種語(yǔ)言都是使用該語(yǔ)言的民族用以表達(dá)思想的完美載體。這一觀點(diǎn)在某些方面與曼徹斯特經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)派的觀點(diǎn)，即供給與需求會(huì)將一切調(diào)節(jié)至盡善盡美，有異曲同工之處。
判別：
This rule is meant to address the difficulty that students from impoverished or chaotic homes might have in completing their homework.
這項(xiàng)規(guī)定本意是解決來(lái)自貧困和混亂家庭的學(xué)生在完成作業(yè)時(shí)可能遇到的困難。

三、名詞性從句

1, He ate what he paid for. (= He ate the food that he paid for.)
他吃他買(mǎi)的東西。
2, The question is how we can get the loan. (= The question is something.)
問(wèn)題是如何獲得貸款。
3, He told them who he was and what he had done in the past.
4, In general, the tests work most effectively when the qualities to be measured can be most precisely defined and least effectively when what is to be measured or predicted can be not well defined.
一般來(lái)說(shuō)，當(dāng)所需測(cè)定的性質(zhì)能夠精確定義時(shí)，測(cè)試最為有效;而當(dāng)所需測(cè)定或預(yù)測(cè)的對(duì)象不能明確定義時(shí)，測(cè)試效果最差。
5, The Greeks assumed that the structure of language had some connection with the process of thought, which took root in Europe long before people realized how diverse languages could be.
希臘人認(rèn)為本語(yǔ)言結(jié)構(gòu)與思維過(guò)程之間存在著某種聯(lián)系，這種觀點(diǎn)早在人們意識(shí)到語(yǔ)言的千差萬(wàn)別之前就已經(jīng)在歐洲扎下了根。
6, When the first draft should be finished and how it should be ameliorated are just two of a great number of difficulties that the fledging newspaper reporter encounters.
什么時(shí)候該完成初稿，以及該怎樣對(duì)其進(jìn)行修改，是這個(gè)初出茅廬的新聞?dòng)浾呙媾R的眾多問(wèn)題中的兩個(gè)。
7, The most crucial point that you should fully comprehend is what prevents so many Americans from being as happy as one might expect.
關(guān)鍵在于，你應(yīng)當(dāng)充分理解是什么使得美國(guó)人不能如人們所期望的那樣幸福地生活。
8，A Google search can leak between 0.2 and 7.0 grams of CO2, depending on how many attempts are needed to get the “right” answers.
在谷歌上進(jìn)行一次搜索便會(huì)產(chǎn)生0.2到7.0克的二氧化碳，具體數(shù)值取決于人們得到“正確”答案所需的查詢次數(shù)。
Firms are now studying how genes interact, looking for correlation that might be used to determine the causes of disease or predict a drug’s efficacy.
目前企業(yè)正在研究基因如何相互作用，以尋找它們之間的關(guān)聯(lián)性，從而用于推斷疾病的起因或者預(yù)測(cè)藥效。

B. 其它語(yǔ)法現(xiàn)象：

一、重要時(shí)態(tài)

1，現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)
I’ve been waiting for an hour but she still hasn’t come.
我已等了一個(gè)小時(shí)，但她還沒(méi)有來(lái)。
2，過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)
He said that he would wait for us at the bus stop.
他說(shuō)他要在車(chē)站等我們的。
3，將來(lái)完成時(shí)
The concert will begin at half past eight. They will have played half an hour when you arrive.
音樂(lè)會(huì)將在8點(diǎn)半開(kāi)始。你達(dá)到時(shí)，他們就將已演奏半小時(shí)了。

二、“it”作形式主語(yǔ)

1，It is painful to read these round about accounts today.
現(xiàn)在來(lái)看這些拐彎抹角的理由是令人心痛的。
2，It may be said that the measure of the worth of any social institution is its effect in enlarging and improving experience ,but this effect is not a part of its original motive.)
盡管人們可以這樣說(shuō)，對(duì)任何一個(gè)社會(huì)制度價(jià)值的衡量就是其在增長(zhǎng)和豐富經(jīng)驗(yàn)方面所產(chǎn)生的影響，但是這種影響并不是其最初動(dòng)機(jī)的一部分。
3, It is interesting to note that in countries where the national diet contains large quantities of unrefined flour and vegetables, certain diseases are comparatively rare.
一個(gè)值得注意的有趣現(xiàn)象是，在那些以粗面粉和蔬菜為主食的國(guó)家里，某些疾病相對(duì)少些。
4, I believe equally that it is in the interests of the world as a whole that Europe should increasingly unite and speak with a common voice.
我同樣認(rèn)為歐洲應(yīng)該日益團(tuán)結(jié)起來(lái)，發(fā)出共同的聲音，這是符合全世界的利益的。

三、 虛擬語(yǔ)氣

1, If he were here this evening, we would play cards.
如果他今晚在這里的話，我們就玩牌。
2, If I had known her address, I would have visited her last week.
上周如果我知道她的地址的話，我就去拜訪她了。
3, Were they got married, they would be happy.
要是他們結(jié)婚的話，他們會(huì)幸福的。
4, Had you informed me earlier, I wouldn’t have signed the contract.
要是你早些告訴我的話，我是不會(huì)簽?zāi)欠莺贤�的�?br /> 5, Coke town was a town of red brick, or of brick that would have been red if the smoke and the ashes had allowed it.
科克鎮(zhèn)以前是由紅色的磚建成的，確切點(diǎn)說(shuō)，要不是由于煙霧和灰塵的話，它本應(yīng)是紅色的。
6, They do not tell how able an underprivileged youngster might have been, had he grown up under more favorable circumstances.
他們不能說(shuō)明一個(gè)物質(zhì)條件差的年輕人，如果在較好的環(huán)境下成長(zhǎng)的話，會(huì)有多大才干。
7, If circumstances always determined the life and prospects of people, then humanity would never have progressed. (2011)
如果環(huán)境總是能夠決定人的生活和前景，那么人性就不曾進(jìn)步過(guò)。
8, Those with degrees from elite universities catch up fairly quickly to where they otherwise would have been if they had graduated in better times.
那些名牌大學(xué)的畢業(yè)生能夠很快地達(dá)到良好經(jīng)濟(jì)時(shí)期他們本該擁有的地位。
9, This “brain drain” has long bothered policymakers in poor countries. They fear that it hurts their economies, depriving them of much-needed skilled workers who could have taught at their universities, worked in their hospitals and come up with clever new products for their factories to make.
人才流失問(wèn)題一直困擾著貧困國(guó)家的決策者們。他們擔(dān)心這會(huì)對(duì)本國(guó)的經(jīng)濟(jì)造成損害，造成國(guó)家急需的技術(shù)人員的流失，這些人本可以任教于國(guó)內(nèi)的大學(xué)，也可以在國(guó)內(nèi)的醫(yī)院工作，或者是構(gòu)思出更加優(yōu)越的產(chǎn)品供國(guó)內(nèi)工廠去生產(chǎn)。

四、比較

1, Railroads typically charge such “captive” shippers 20 to 30 percent more than they do when another railroad is competing for the business.
通常，鐵路公司對(duì)這些“受制”客戶的收費(fèi)要比存在另一家鐵路公司競(jìng)爭(zhēng)時(shí)高出20%至30%。
2, When they found, in attempting to model thought, is that the human brain’s roughly one hundred billion nerve cells are much more talented — and human perception far more complicated — than previously imagined.
在試圖模仿人類(lèi)思維時(shí)，研究人員發(fā)現(xiàn)，人類(lèi)大腦中大約有1000億個(gè)神經(jīng)細(xì)胞，比以前所認(rèn)為的要更具天賦，人類(lèi)的感知過(guò)程也更復(fù)雜。