2017考研英語(yǔ)：閱讀三大技巧找到文章主旨

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針對(duì)英語(yǔ)閱讀，考生應(yīng)該要整合之前積累的知識(shí)點(diǎn)，掌握快速解題的技巧。

根據(jù)考試的難度和得分策略，五種題型中最耗時(shí)的題型是主旨題，其原因在于考生對(duì)于文章主旨和框架的結(jié)構(gòu)理解不夠透徹。

主旨題雖然在考研英語(yǔ)中的考頻只有10%左右，但由于主旨題考查考生對(duì)于整篇文章中心的宏觀把握，所以很多考生遇主旨題必錯(cuò)。其實(shí)掌握了主旨題的快速解題技巧后，這個(gè)題型對(duì)大家就是必得分題了。主旨題的快速解題技巧有如下幾種：

1、串珠法。"珠"指的是各個(gè)段落的中心，串珠法是把各個(gè)段落的中心串聯(lián)起來(lái)，然后進(jìn)行歸納總結(jié)。具體的操作過(guò)程是：首先判定每個(gè)段落的中心;其次，根據(jù)每個(gè)段落的中心串聯(lián)起來(lái)組成文章的中心。

例：2009 Text 2

30. An appropriate title for the text is most likely to be__________.

[A] Fors and Againsts of DNA testing

[B] DNA Testing and It's Problems

[C] DNA Testing Outside the La

[D] Lies Behind DNA Testing

Para1: All he needs to do is … paternity testing kit (PTK)

Para2: More than 60,000 people have purchased the PTKs

Para3: Among the most popular: paternity and kinship testing (PTK)…

Para4: Most tests require collecting cells …

Para5: But some observers are skeptical …

Para6: Critics also argue that …

根據(jù)各個(gè)段落的中心句，可以看出文章的前部分主要講PTKS的受歡迎度和購(gòu)買(mǎi)人數(shù)多，第五段出現(xiàn)了轉(zhuǎn)折，后兩段出現(xiàn)了skeptical和critics，表示一種"批判，質(zhì)疑"的態(tài)度，所以文章的中心應(yīng)該包括兩個(gè)方面。因此答案鎖定在A和B。二者的區(qū)別在于against和problem,二者都表示否定，但是程度不同，前者表示完全否定，后者表示部分否定。文章出現(xiàn)了skeptical和critics，表示"質(zhì)疑"是部分否定，因此答案選B。

2、篇首覆蓋法

如果一個(gè)單詞的多種形式(同詞、同義/反義詞、同根詞)或短語(yǔ)在一篇文章的篇首反復(fù)出現(xiàn)，那么這個(gè)單詞或短語(yǔ)則是文章的主題詞。

【舉例講解】

例：I was addressing a small gathering in a suburban Virginia living room - a women's group that had invited men to join them. Throughout the evening, one man had been particularly talkative, frequently offering ideas and anecdotes, while his wife sat silently beside him on the couch. Toward the end of the evening, I commented that women frequently complain that their husbands don't talk to them. This man quickly nodded in agreement. He gestured toward his wife and said, "She's the talker in our family." The room burst into laughter; the man looked puzzled and hurt. "It's true," he explained. "When I come home from work I have nothing to say. If she didn't keep the conversation going, we'd spend the whole evening in silence."

This episode crystallizes the irony that although American men tend to talk more than women in public situations, they often talk less at home. And this pattern is wreaking havoc with marriage.… [2010, Text2(二)]

29. Which of the following can best summarize the main idea of this text?

A. The moral decaying deserves more research by sociologists

B. Marriage break-up stems from sex inequalities

C. Husband and wife have different expectations from their marriage

D. Conversational patterns between man and wife are different

根據(jù)題干特征可知這是一道主旨題，主旨題可利用主題復(fù)現(xiàn)法來(lái)解，通過(guò)抓前兩段的主題詞可確定全文中心。本文我們利用主題詞復(fù)現(xiàn)的形式：同詞復(fù)現(xiàn)、同義復(fù)現(xiàn)以及同根復(fù)現(xiàn)可以找出前兩段的復(fù)現(xiàn)有"talkative"，"talk"，"talker"以及"conversation"，因此我們可以確定該篇文章的主題詞是"交談，交流"，D項(xiàng)中的"Conversational patterns"是主題詞的同根復(fù)現(xiàn)，故正確。A項(xiàng)和B項(xiàng)的錯(cuò)誤屬于無(wú)中生有，C項(xiàng)的干擾性較大，很多考生會(huì)錯(cuò)選該選項(xiàng)，但只要把握好全文主題詞是"talk"，這個(gè)選項(xiàng)也是很好排除的。

明確了必得分題型的快速解題技巧之后，接下來(lái)我們一起學(xué)習(xí)高失分題的快速解題技巧。

3、框架法。中心法是利用文章中心提出方式來(lái)確定整篇文章的主旨�？佳杏⒄Z(yǔ)閱讀文章常見(jiàn)的中心提出方式有：

方式1："開(kāi)門(mén)見(jiàn)山型"-直接提出主旨，不會(huì)遲于第二段。

方式2："拋磚引玉型"-以他山之石的觀點(diǎn)、故事等引出主旨。

方式3："話(huà)鋒一轉(zhuǎn)型"-轉(zhuǎn)折之后，主旨方顯。

方式4："設(shè)問(wèn)回答型"-用設(shè)問(wèn)提出問(wèn)題，以答案呈現(xiàn)主旨。

【舉例講解】

例：Americans don't like to lose wars. Of course, a lot depends on how you define just what a war is. There are shooting wars-the kind that test patriotism and courage-and those are the kind at which the U.S. excels. But other struggles test those qualities too…

Now there is a similar challenge: global warming. The steady deterioration (惡化) of the very climate of this very planet is becoming a war of the first order, and by any measure, the U.S. is losing. Indeed, if America is fighting at all, it's fighting on the wrong side…

The rub is, if the vast majority of people increasingly agree that climate change is a global emergency, there's far less agreement on how to fix it. Industry offers its plans, which too often would fix little…

Halting climate change will be far harder. One of the more conservative plans for addressing the problem calls for a reduction of 25 billion tons of carbon emissions over the next 52 year…[2009,Text4]

56. What does the passage mainly discuss?

A. Human wars. B. Economic crisis.

C. America's environmental policies. D. Global environment in general.

【解析】根據(jù)題干特征可知這是一道主旨題，到了沖刺階段，我們主旨題可利用中心法快速解出。文章首段的復(fù)現(xiàn)詞是war和Americans /U.S.，主要講美國(guó)人和戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)的話(huà)題。

第二段段首出現(xiàn)了similar，說(shuō)明文章屬于"拋磚引玉"類(lèi)，后面引出文章主旨，即：global warming，因此初步判定，本文中心講"global warming"，而且該段還出現(xiàn)了U.S.,說(shuō)明文章在討論"美國(guó)"和"全球變暖"的問(wèn)題，只有C選項(xiàng)符合該要求，America's對(duì)應(yīng)U.S.;environmental對(duì)應(yīng)global warming。A項(xiàng)和B項(xiàng)的錯(cuò)誤屬于以偏概全，D項(xiàng)的錯(cuò)誤屬于范圍過(guò)大。

針對(duì)以上所講方法，望廣大考生勤加練習(xí)，金榜題名。