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從2000年到2012年,考研英語大作文均為占總分20%的圖畫作文,其成績對(duì)英語總成績影響非常大。圖畫作文講究“圖畫簡單,寓意深刻”,圖畫給出提示,深層次信息隱含在圖畫之中,考查學(xué)生對(duì)圖畫寓意的理解表達(dá)能力?忌氄J(rèn)真領(lǐng)會(huì)考研英語圖畫作文寫作的每個(gè)細(xì)節(jié),以便在30~40分鐘內(nèi)完成160~200詞的圖畫作文。圖畫作文評(píng)分點(diǎn)之一在于詞的多樣性和句子語法結(jié)構(gòu)及語言的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)性。因此,在復(fù)習(xí)中掌握相關(guān)的語言策略是至關(guān)重要的。
1. 詞法應(yīng)對(duì)策略
1.1 注意辨析詞性
詞性錯(cuò)誤是指詞根正確,但詞性錯(cuò)誤。一方面, 英漢是兩種不同的語系, 它們?cè)谠~匯和形態(tài)上區(qū)別很大。漢字沒有形態(tài)變化, 許多詞如“正確”“容易”“小心”,既可用作副詞又可用作形容詞。然而, 英語中, 許多形容詞必須加后綴 - ly才能構(gòu)成對(duì)應(yīng)的副詞,如 correct- correctly, easy- easily。許多考生受漢語影響, 常忽略英語詞尾特征而犯以上詞性錯(cuò)誤。另一方面, 英語單詞的后綴形式很復(fù)雜, 有些后綴改變?cè)~類, 如 care- careful,carefully- carefulness;有些后綴不改變?cè)~類, 如memory- memorization。由于這些后綴本身的復(fù)雜性, 考生很難記住, 所以容易犯詞性錯(cuò)誤。詞性錯(cuò)誤的應(yīng)對(duì)策略是采用詞根詞綴法背誦單詞,從根本上區(qū)分詞根詞綴。
1.2同義詞替代
考研寫作高分的第一步就是要有意識(shí)地在寫作中用高級(jí)詞匯去取代相對(duì)低級(jí)的詞匯,從而反映出自己的詞匯表現(xiàn)能力。比如“害怕”,經(jīng)常用的是“afraid”,但還有比這個(gè)高級(jí)的詞匯:horror,scared,astonished 等。這當(dāng)中的任何一個(gè)詞都會(huì)比afraid得的分?jǐn)?shù)要高,這就是所謂的高級(jí)詞匯正確取代低級(jí)詞匯的過程。如:
高級(jí)詞匯讓你的作文看起來專業(yè)而地道,豐富多彩的語言一定會(huì)為你的作文加分不少!但也要避免替代錯(cuò)誤。替代錯(cuò)誤指從語法角度看似正確,但在語義上卻講不通的詞匯錯(cuò)誤。替代錯(cuò)誤的頻次最高,占詞匯錯(cuò)誤總數(shù)的33%。此類錯(cuò)誤常出現(xiàn)在同義詞。例如2003年真題“溫室的花朵”的句子:
We should practice it from time to time, and thus we will slowly master it and do it perfectly.
副詞slowly(緩慢地)修飾謂語動(dòng)詞master不符語義邏輯,出現(xiàn)了替代錯(cuò)誤,gradually強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作過程“逐漸地”,用在此處才合適。
We should practice it from time to time, and thus we will gradually master it and do it perfectly.
2. 句法應(yīng)對(duì)策略
2.1注意修飾語位置
修飾語指起修飾作用的成分,包括單詞、短語或從句。修飾語必須緊靠其所修飾的成分。若修飾語離所修飾的詞太遠(yuǎn)或放錯(cuò)位置,就可能造成誤解或產(chǎn)生歧義。例如:
(1)It is symbolically illustrated in the cartoon that two handicapped men are continuing their new journey with their powerful hands.(2008年真題)
(2)The block on the highway had been cleared before heavy traffic jam was caused by the policemen.
第一句介詞短語with their powerful hands放在句末使句子不通順。第二句by the policemen產(chǎn)生歧義“警察引起了重大交通事故”。應(yīng)調(diào)整修飾語位置,使其緊靠所修飾成分。如:
(1)It is symbolically illustrated in the cartoon that supporting each other with their powerful hands, two handicapped men are continuing their new journey on the ground.(2008年真題)
(2)The block on the highway had been cleared by the policemen before heavy traffic jam was caused.
2.2避免垂懸結(jié)構(gòu)
非謂語動(dòng)詞位于句首做狀語時(shí),其邏輯主語要與主句主語一致,否則就會(huì)犯懸垂結(jié)構(gòu)的錯(cuò)誤。懸垂結(jié)構(gòu)的形式有分詞短語、介詞+動(dòng)名詞、不定式短語。垂懸結(jié)構(gòu)的本質(zhì)是主從句主語不一致。
例如,2003年真題有關(guān)“溫室花朵”的圖畫中,表達(dá)“一旦離開父母,很多孩子難以獨(dú)立生活”:
Once left their parents, many young people cannot make a living of their own.
這句話主從句主語時(shí)態(tài)不一致。many young people可以作make 的主語,主動(dòng)做make 的動(dòng)作,left 表被動(dòng),可譯為“拋下、撇下”,從語義上看,many young people應(yīng)是離開父母,并非“拋下、撇下”父母。本句直譯為:一旦撇下父母,很多孩子難以獨(dú)立生活。這是不合邏輯的。應(yīng)改為:
Once leaving their parents, many young people cannot make a living of their own.
或者:Once they leave their parents, many young people cannot make a living of their own.
在道歉信中,“為了表達(dá)我的歉意,加拿大的朋友將買一個(gè)新的給你。”中文可這樣表達(dá),但譯成英文:
To show my regret, my friend living in Canada will buy a new one for you.
不定式的邏輯主語I和主句主語my friend不一致,應(yīng)使前后主語一致,如:
To show my regret, I will ask one of my friend living in Canada to buy a new one for you.
3.巧用句型
3.1 There be句型
圖畫作文中,描述圖畫常常使用there be句型。there be句型的結(jié)構(gòu)為:There be +名詞+地點(diǎn),表達(dá)“某地方有某物”。這個(gè)句型有不足之處:be動(dòng)詞過于單調(diào),名詞前缺修飾。因此,there be句型有兩個(gè)巧變策略,第一,靈活使用謂語動(dòng)詞替換be動(dòng)詞;第二,使用不同的量詞組合修飾名詞。
第一,謂語動(dòng)詞替換be動(dòng)詞。例如:
(1)There stands+(量詞)名+(形容詞)地點(diǎn)
(2)There exists+(量詞)名詞+(形容詞)地點(diǎn)
(3)There lies +(量詞)名詞+(形容詞)地點(diǎn)
(4)There sits+(量詞)名詞+(形容詞)地點(diǎn)
(5)There vividly describes+(量詞)名+(形容詞)地點(diǎn)
例如,2000年真題A Brief History of World Commercial Fishing,描寫兩幅圖的特點(diǎn):“海里有很多魚”“海里有很多船”,采用基本there be句型,如下:
a.There were a lot of fishes in the sea.
b.There were a lot of boats in the sea.
如果靈活使用中間的動(dòng)詞,并會(huì)寫高級(jí)量詞就不一樣,可改寫為:
a.In 1900, there existed a variety of fishes in the sea.
b.In 1900, there existed various kinds of boats in the sea.
there be的巧變句型應(yīng)用到更多真題的圖畫描述中,使單調(diào)的there be句型變得生動(dòng)起來。
There stands a charming American girl in the picture above.(2002年真題)
There stands a pot of fresh flower in a warm and comfortable room. (2003年真題)
There stand two soccer players in a football field. (2007年真題)
There sit a large number of youngsters at their computers.(2009年真題)
There lie a variety of foods in a large hot pot. (2010年真題)
第二,當(dāng)涉及名詞數(shù)量時(shí),常見的表達(dá)有a lot of, many, much, more and more,其實(shí)表述數(shù)量的寫法有很多,a large number of(很多),a growing number of(越來越多),a variety of(各式各樣),various kinds of(各式各樣),同樣的意思,可使用多種表達(dá)方式。如表所示:
我們?nèi)绻M(jìn)行寫作對(duì)比,就能看到使用巧變句型與不用之間的差異,例如:
It is vividly illustrated in the upper cartoon that a lot of fishes were swimming freely in the sea, while only one fishing boat was catching them in 1900. On the contrary, many boats were fishing the only one fish in 1995.(2000年"商業(yè)捕魚"真題)
在上述句子中,a lot of和many使這句話平實(shí)許多。下面利用there be句型,量詞組合,再用so…that…句型,就可潤色修改為:
It is vividly illustrated in the upper cartoon,in 1900, there existed a large number of fishes in the vast ocean while only one fishing boat was catching them. In 1995, on the contrary, there lied a growing number of fishing boats, and the number of fishes decreased so sharply that only one of them left.
參考譯文:以上圖片生動(dòng)描繪了,1900年,海洋中有大量的魚類,只有一艘捕魚船。相反,到1995年,出現(xiàn)了越來越多的捕魚船,魚的數(shù)量急劇下降,只剩一條魚。
3.2 例舉句型
近10年真題中,圖畫人物的數(shù)量出現(xiàn)了以下情況:單人單物體描述5次(1998年、2001年、2002年、2004年、2010年),雙人描述4次(2006年、2007年、2008年、2012年),多人多物出現(xiàn)過3次(2005年、2009年、2011年)。描寫圖畫中多于一個(gè)以上的人或物時(shí),一些看似不起眼的例舉句型,只要學(xué)會(huì)巧用,作文就有亮光。常見的例舉句型有:
(1)either+名詞 or+名詞+動(dòng)詞(或者……或者……)
(2)Neither of +名詞(你也不……我也不……)
(3)None of them+動(dòng)詞(三者以上都不……)
(4)Some+動(dòng)詞,while others+動(dòng)詞,some few doing(一些……, 另一些,還有幾個(gè)……)
(5)one+動(dòng)詞,while the other+動(dòng)詞(一個(gè)……而另一個(gè)……)
描述多人圖畫時(shí)可以用Some……,while others……,some few ……(一些……, 另一些,還有幾個(gè)……)結(jié)構(gòu),解決常見主語people, some people, we, someone的泛濫問題。例如:
There stands three sons and a daughter in the picture above. Some of them are surrounding their father, while others kick him back and forth like a football, because none of them is willing to take care of him. (2005年"足球賽"真題)
參考譯文:三個(gè)兒子和一個(gè)女兒圍著他們可憐的父親,把他像足球一樣踢來踢去,因?yàn)檎l也不想照顧自己的父親。
Some are playing computer games, while others are chatting on line, some few searching for information.(2009年"網(wǎng)絡(luò)的近與遠(yuǎn)"真題)
參考譯文:圖畫中的年輕人有的在打電腦游戲,有的在網(wǎng)上聊天,還有的在搜集信息。
如果出現(xiàn)兩人或兩幅圖畫時(shí),可以用例舉的句型both of them, neither of them, one, while the other等,安排兩個(gè)并列的主語。例如:
One of them paints on his face the name of a football star, while the other pays as much as 300 RMB for Beckham's hairstyle. (2006年"追星"真題)
參考譯文:一個(gè)年輕人把足球明星的名字寫在臉上,而另一個(gè)年輕人為了貝克漢姆的發(fā)型就花了300塊錢。
But neither of them is afraid of difficulty. Both of them are walking forward, shoulder to shoulder.(2008年"合作"真題)
參考譯文:兩個(gè)年輕人都不怕困難,他們肩并肩向前走。
3.3 巧用not only, but also 句型
句型not only…,but also….后面常加一個(gè)名詞或者一個(gè)形容詞,的確有些"大材小用",經(jīng)過變形,not only,but also可以有以下三種巧用方法:
第一,控制主語,將not only 放在句首,使句子倒裝:Not only will sb./sth. +動(dòng)詞,but sb./sth. will also+動(dòng)詞。
第二,控制賓語:主語+謂語+not only+名詞1,but also+名詞2。
第三,連接多個(gè)賓語,結(jié)合such…as…句型。主語+謂語+not only+名詞1,but also+名詞2 and such benefits (problems)as+名詞3。
例如:
Not only will they waste much time that should have been spent on their study and work, but their everyday life will probably go upside down, with their food uneaten, sleep lost or homework undone.(2006年"追星"真題)
參考譯文:他們浪費(fèi)了很多本來應(yīng)該花在工作和學(xué)習(xí)上的時(shí)間,正常生活顛倒,不吃飯、不睡覺、不做作業(yè)。
In order to gain confidence and achieve success, we not only need to attain a thorough understanding of our own merits and disadvantages of ourselves, but also those aspects of our opponents. (2007年"自信"真題)
為了獲得信心和成功,我們不僅需要徹底了解自己的優(yōu)缺點(diǎn),還要了解我們的對(duì)立面。
Love can bring people not only material support, but also mental comfort and such benefits as spiritual back-up.(2001年"愛心"真題)
參考譯文:愛心可以給人帶來物質(zhì)支持、情感撫慰和精神支柱。
總之,考研英語語言方面需要平時(shí)多積累,多讀多背歷年的經(jīng)典范文,摘抄其中的精彩詞匯、詞組、句型、精辟觀點(diǎn),并加以模仿,為己所用;從詞法和句法兩個(gè)角度,同樣的意思不同的表達(dá)方式,會(huì)產(chǎn)生不同的效果。
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